The Hindu Shahi dynasty ruled much of the Punjab, as well as western Afghanistan, from the mid-9th to the early 11th centuries. In AD 977, the Turkish ruler Sabuktigin acceded to the throne of the small kingdom of Ghazni in Central Afghanistan. In the 980s, Sabuktigin conquered the Shahis, extending his rule from the Khyber Pass, to the Indus.
After his death in AD 997, his son Mahmud assumed power in Ghazni. He expanded his father’s kingdom far to the west and east through military conquest. He invaded the Punjab and northern India seventeen times during his reign, conquering the Shahi kingdom and extending his rule across the Punjab as far as the upper Yamuna.
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