For the first 200 years after it was founded, Rome was a kingdom, ruled by a succession of seven kings. The seventh king, Tarquinius was overthrown in 509 BC, and the Roman Republic was established.
Under the Republic, two elected consuls led the government. The consul’s most important power was that they controlled the army. They were members of the Senate, which was composed of leaders from the noble families of Rome. Members of the Senate were chosen by the consuls. Once chosen, they served for life.
There was also an Assembly composed of the common citizens of Rome. It had limited powers. It could vote for, or suggest laws, but the Senate could block their decisions. The Assembly could vote to declare war, but the Senate could override them. However, the Assembly had one power that was very impressive – it was the Assembly who voted each year on which two members of the Senate would serve as consuls. The Roman Republic followed a policy of expansion, and established many provinces. Each province was provided with manpower, taxes, food and other resources.