As it exists today, Mars is a planet hostile to life. Unlike Earth, Mars has no ozone layer to protect life from the Sun’s lethal ultraviolet radiation. There is no breathable oxygen in the air, and giant dust storms are common around the planet. The first astronauts to live on Mars will probably do so in large domes that can contain an artificial, Earth-like atmosphere.
Earth is the only place that we know for certain supports life. Many claims have been made by observers who thought they saw evidence of life on Mars, but we now know they were tricked by the very difficult measurements. From Earth, even with our most powerful telescopes, we just cannot see enough detail on Mars to answer this question. We need a close-up look at the planet.
While robotic spacecraft have given us wonderful views, no humans have ever tried to journey to Mars, and no such missions will be attempted for many years. In fact, whoever will turn out to be the first people on Mars may be your age today, and when you are an adult, perhaps you will watch — or even participate!– as people make the first voyage to that planet.
In the meantime, NASA is working hard now to discover whether there is life on Mars. The United States and other countries have been sending spacecraft to orbit or land there since the 1960s, and each mission teaches us more about this fascinating planet. We have learned that even though Mars is more similar to Earth than anywhere else in the solar system, and therefore is a good place to look for life, it is still different from Earth in many ways.
A compass point to the North Pole on Earth because our whole planet acts like a giant magnet, but Mars does not act this way. Besides turning a compass needle, Earth’s magnetic field turns away dangerous particles of space radiation. Without a magnetic field on Mars and with much, much less air than on Earth, more harmful space radiation reaches its surface. Although some measurements tell us there probably is water on Mars, there is far less than on Earth. And it is so cold there that most of the water is probably not liquid but rather is ice. Overall, Mars would be a pretty uncomfortable place to try to live!
Even if there were no life on Mars, it would be exciting to know whether there used to be life there. So in addition to looking for living bacteria, NASA will be searching for tiny fossils that might indicate life got a start early in Mars’ history but, unlike on our home planet, it did not survive and evolve into larger life forms.
Many of the studies of Mars will involve robots, like the ones that have gone there before, but getting more advanced with each flight. Someday a spacecraft may pick up samples from Mars and bring them back to Earth where they can be studied in our best laboratories. Eventually, humans may make the daring journey, but many important problems have to be solved before trying such an expensive, difficult, and exciting voyage.
